TAX CALCULATIONS

To help fund public works and services and to build and maintain the infrastructures used in a country, the government usually taxes its individual and corporate residents. The tax collected is used for the betterment of the economy and all living in it. In the US and many other countries in the world, taxes are applied to some form of money received by a taxpayer. The money could be income earned from salary, capital gains from investment appreciation, dividends received as additional income, payment made for goods and services, etc. A percentage of the taxpayer’s earnings or money is taken and remitted to the government. Payment of taxes at rates levied by the state is compulsory, and tax evasion - the deliberate failure to pay one's full tax liabilities - is punishable by law. Most governments utilize an agency or department to collect taxes; in the United States, this function is performed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).

There are several very common types of taxes:

• Income Tax - a percentage of individual earnings filed to the federal government
• Corporate Tax - a percentage of corporate profits taken as tax by the government to fund federal programs.
• Sales Tax - taxes levied on certain goods and services
• Property Tax - based on the value of land and property assets
• Tariff - taxes on imported goods imposed in the aim of strengthening internal businesses
• Estate tax - rate applied to the fair market value of a property at the time of death

Tax systems vary widely among nations, and it is important for individuals and corporations to carefully study a new locale's tax laws before earning income or doing business there.  

Like many developed nations, the United States has a progressive tax system by which a higher percentage of tax revenues are collected from high-income individuals or corporations rather than from low-income individual earners. Taxes are imposed at federal, state and local levels. Generally speaking, the federal government levies income, corporate and payroll taxes; the state levies sales taxes; and municipalities or other local governments levy property taxes. Tax revenues are used for public services and the operation of the government, as well as the Social Security and Medicare programs. As baby boomer populations have aged, Social Security and Medicare have claimed increasingly high proportions of the total federal expenditure of tax revenue. Throughout United States history, tax policy has been a consistent source of political debate.

Capital gains taxes are of particular relevance for investors. Levied and enforced at the federal level, these are taxes on income that results from the sale of assets in which the sale price was higher than the purchasing price. These are taxed at both short-term and long-term rates. Short-term capital gains (on assets sold less than a year after they were acquired) are taxed at the owner's normal income rate, but long-term gains on assets held for more than a year are taxed at a lower rate, on the rationale that lower taxes will encourage high levels of capital investment.